“Here I sit between my brother the mountain and my sister the sea. We three are one in loneliness, and the love that binds us together is deep and strong and strange.”(Kahlil Gibran)

In the quote above, loneliness is perceived as a connecting emotion, dark and full of pretensions. Isolation and being alone is one of the most dreaded feeling a person can feel, this brings the sadness and the feeling of emptiness. In a study conducted by John Cacioppo Ph. D., he mentioned that people who feel loneliness usually emerge from loneliness into their normal state, however those who don’t become depressed and goes through some psychological disorder. Loneliness can be brought by several factors like death, divorce, separation and moving residence. Although, most people can become callous at times, but when isolated the feeling of loneliness is unavoidable. The study by Dr. Cacioppo, determined that loneliness is not entwine to evolution, only the fittest survives. He also found out that the interdependence of biological and social of humans is unavoidable and are not just conventional. To understand loneliness we should also understand how isolation affects humans. This quote on being alone may give us an insight as to what a person who experiences isolation feels:

To be alone is to be different, to be different is to be alone. (Suzanne Gordon)

In this passage we can understand that a person may feel different when isolated, almost an outcast. Being alone transcribes to isolation which results to loneliness where a lonely person may grow hostile, unhealthy and withdrawn from the society. In a recent study conducted by AAAS, they have found out through fMRI that a person who is not lonely has a more active Ventral Striatum – the brain receptor associated with rewards. Loneliness is a hazard and detrimental to health. Only a handful of individuals know that loneliness can cause health complications, and should be treated as how depression is to be treated. A lingering feeling of loneliness can be associated to childhood experiences and other individual experiences in the past. Bringing this to the individual’s attention should be done, to create a more realistic view on what caused the loneliness to begin with. If the lingering feeling of loneliness is too strong, psychological assessments should be done. The feeling of loneliness is relative to all of us, it is an everyday thing for some.

Are are all fat people unhealthy? Not according to a new study.

In fact, some individuals with obesity may be at lower risk for some diseases than their thinner counterparts.

Researchers from Canada found that obese individuals who had only mild physical, psychological or physiological impairments — or none at all — and who had a higher body weight in early adulthood, were happier with their higher body weight and had attempted to lose weight less frequently during their lives.

Such people were also surprisingly found to have a lower risk of dying from cardiovascular causes such as stroke, heart attacks and heart failures than normal weight individuals.

These individuals were also more likely to be physically active and consume a healthy diet including a lot of vegetables and fruits.

The new study was led by Professor Jennifer Kuk from Toronto’s York University.

Kuk and her research team studied 6,000 obese Americans over a 16-year period to compare their risk of mortality to that of lean people. They used a new weight classification measurement called the Edmonton Obesity Staging System (EOSS), which uses traditional measurement methods such as the body-mass index and waist-to-hip ratios. But the EOSS also takes into account additional factors such as the extent and severity of other diseases like cancer, mental illness, diabetes, hypertension and heart disease.

In the EOSS classification scheme, individuals who have an elevated weight but no other health issues are placed into a group called Stage 0. Stage 1 individuals have the beginning of some risk factors such as hypertension or high blood sugar that hasn’t developed into diabetes. In Stage 2 individuals have obesity-related diseases that can include hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease. Stage 3 individuals have actual organ damage such as a heart attack, diabetic complications, a stroke and depression. They may even have shortness of breath while sleeping.

The new research found those in Stage 0 and 1 of the EOSS had a similar risk of dying as normal weight individuals. In some cases they may even be healthier than those of normal weight.

The researchers suggest the new findings challenge the idea that all obese people need to lose weight, but warn people to consult with their physician before making any decisions related to their health and weight loss.

The researchers say it’s possible that trying and failing to lose weight might be more harmful than just staying at the higher weight level, as long as obese or overweight people exercise and eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables.

The WHO says that overweight and obesity are the fifth leading risk for global deaths. At least 2.8 million adults die each year as a result of being overweight or obese.

The study was published Monday in the journal of Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism.

Source: York University

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A pilot study suggests people hooked on tanning beds may be victims of an addictive neurological reward-and-reinforcement trigger.

Researchers at UT Southwestern Medical Center believe the physiological addiction could explain why some people continue to use tanning beds despite the increased risk of developing melanoma, the most lethal form of skin cancer.

According to the researchers, tanning aficionados have similar brain activity and corresponding cerebral blood flow as that found in people addicted to drugs and alcohol. Similar findings have been reported for other compulsive behaviors such as gambling.

“Using tanning beds has rewarding effects in the brain so people may feel compelled to persist in the behavior even though it’s bad for them,” said psychiatrist Dr. Bryon Adinoff, senior author of the study, available online and in a future print edition of Addiction Biology.

“The implication is, ‘If it’s rewarding, then could it also be addictive?’ It’s an important question in the field.”

Experts say that about 120,000 new cases of melanoma are diagnosed in the U.S. each year. People younger than 30 who use a tanning bed 10 times a year have eight times the risk of developing malignant melanoma.

Curiously, while public knowledge of the risk of melanoma has grown, so has the regular use of tanning beds.

Addiction treatment is evolving toward an approach that views the behavior as a complex disease caused by a physical or physiological imbalance rather than a psychological weakness. If correct, this could explain the failure of behavioral interventions.

As such, Adinoff and his research team plan to continue their study of brain activity and cerebral blood flow changes associated with the addictive behavior.

Source: UT Southwestern Medical Center

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People who can visualize their goal appear to be more successful in achieving it, according to new research.

“The easier a goal is to see, the closer it seems,” said Rajesh Bagchi, assistant professor of marketing in the Pamplin College of Business at Virginia Tech.

Along with Amar Cheema, an associate professor of marketing at the University of Virginia, Bagchi studied the effect of goal visualization in abstract contexts.

The researchers found that making goal attainment visual provides motivation for reaching abstract goals just as with physical destinations.

Being marketing professors, they suggest a scenario where salespeople are offered a trip to Hawaii if they achieve sales 20 percent above the annual target. If progress is reported visually by showing a bar filling, the sales staff will be more energized than if progress is reported numerically, as dollars or percent of sales.

“The same thing happens if you are saving for a vacation with a definite goal and you see an image of a piggy bank filling up, instead of the dollar total only,” said Bagchi.

Cheema suggests that even drawing a graph representing your savings will provide motivation.

Cheema and Bagchi tested visualization with experiments requiring physical effort and experiments involving customers waiting for service and sales people completing deals.

The physical experiment conducted in the lab required individuals to sustain their grip for 130 seconds on a hand dynamometer, a gauge that records force exerted.

Half of the subjects could see a bar on a computer screen fill as the 130 seconds passed. The other half saw a stopwatch; however, 130 seconds required 4.33 cycles of the watch hand, “so it was not so easy to visualize progress,” said Bagchi.

“As individuals approached the goal, effort declined more steeply for participants who had the stopwatch image. While fatigue led to a decline in the force exerted over time, the decline was less steep for the people who could easily visualize the goal relative to those who could not,” said Bagchi.

“Progress is important,” said Cheema.” When what is left to be filled in the bar is smaller than what has been filled, that is when the motivation happens.”

The marketing experiments included the all-to-realistic likelihood of waiting for software support via a live chat with a technician. “Among participants near the goal, those in the easy-to-visualize condition (a filling bar vs. a countdown) are more likely to persist than those in the hard-to-visualize condition,” said Bagchi. “More significantly, participants who are near the goal reported greater progress.”

“This research provides one way to provide information about wait time that can reduce tension,” said Bagchi.

In the final study, salespeople were told to finish selling to 20 clients as soon as possible. A second part of this study looked at the effect of setting subgoals. “Unpacking a goal into subgoals can make the tasks more manageable and may increase effort and performance,” said Cheema. “On the other hand, subgoals may also shift motivational focus away from the main goal. We found this to be the case when distance to the goal is well-known and information is certain, such as in selling quickly to 20 clients.”

The sales experiment once again demonstrated the motivational effect of goal visualization and proximity, where participants had a financial incentive to perform well, and demonstrated that a well-visualized abstract goal, such as making a sale, elicits commitment as if it were a physical goal.

“Our research results suggest that we process visual representations in a manner similar to distance, influencing perceptions of proximity and effort as we pursue everyday tasks or make decisions about investing time and effort for a particular outcome,” said Bagchi.

The research appears in an issue of the Journal of Marketing.

Source: Virginia Tech

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Nearly 1 in 5 younger siblings of children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD, sometimes known just as autism) will eventually develop their own autism spectrum disorder, according to a new study.

The new data from researchers at University of California-Davis MIND Institute and Autism Speaks found that 19 percent of younger siblings of children with ASD developed autism, a rate significantly higher than the general population.

If there were two children with autism in the family, the risk of the third sibling developing an autism spectrum disorder increased to more than 32 percent.

This is the largest known study of younger siblings of children who have autism, and included 664 infants from 12 U.S. and Canadian sites who were evaluated as early as 6 months of age and followed until age 36 months.

“It has been well established that siblings of children with ASD are at higher risk for developing the disorder, but our estimates of the recurrence rate had been based on much smaller samples,” explained Autism Speaks Director of Research for Environmental Sciences Alycia Halladay, Ph.D.

The study found that the risk of an ASD diagnosis for male infants who had an older sibling with ASD was almost three times greater than the risk for female infants (26 percent compared to 9 percent).

The study did not find any increase in risk associated with the gender of the older sibling, severity of the older sibling’s symptoms, or other parent characteristics such as parental age, socio-economic status or race/ethnicity.

“By pulling together data from many investigators who are studying infant siblings of children with autism, these results offer a more accurate estimate of the recurrence rate for autism in siblings,” says Autism Speaks Chief Science Officer Geraldine Dawson, Ph.D.

“Surprisingly, the rate is much higher than previous estimates. This points to the important need for closely monitoring and screening siblings so that they can be offered intervention as early as possible to ensure the best possible outcome.”

“These findings emphasize the importance of family history as an autism risk factor that requires attention by parents and clinicians in tracking these infants from an early age to determine if the younger sibling develops ASD or a development disorder.”

The High Risk Baby Siblings Research Consortium, now engaging 25 scientists at 21 institutions in the U.S., Canada, Israel and the UK, is a partnership between Autism Speaks and the National Institutes of Health, led by the National Institute of Child Health & Human Development.

The study, entitled “Recurrence Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium Study,” was published online today in the journal Pediatrics and will appear in the September issue.

Source: Autism Speaks

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According to a new study, the risk of developing multiple episodes of clinical depression in a child or teenager is nearly doubled if that person is the subject of abuse.

The episodes also appear to be longer-lasting in such people, and they appear to less likely to respond to treatment. The new study was led by a team of researchers from King’s College London Institute of Psychiatry.

Depression ranks among the most common mental disorders in the world, with about 1 in 15 adults suffering from depression in the U.S. in any given year. About 1 in 12 teens suffer from depression in the U.S.

By 2020, depression is predicted to be the second leading contributor to the global burden of disease across all ages, according to the World Health Organization. The societal impact of depression is largely accounted for by individuals who develop multiple and long-lasting depressive episodes.

The current researchers reviewed 16 previously published studies in scientific and medical journals, on a total of more than 23,000 patients.

The new research found that maltreatment in childhood — such as rejection by the mother, harsh physical treatment or sexual abuse — more than doubled the risk of depression.

A separate review on over 3,000 patients showed that childhood maltreatment was also linked to a poorer response to both drug and psychotherapy treatment.

“Even for combined treatments, patients with a history of childhood maltreatment cannot be adequately cared for,” noted lead researcher Andrea Danese.

Out of the 23,000 study participants, researchers found that 27 percent were noted as having “probable” maltreatment, and 19.4 percent then went on to developed persistent depression. A smaller group of 9 percent had “definite” maltreatment, and of those patients, 31.5 percent then went on to develop depression. Most people in the study — 64 percent — had no maltreatment, and only 12.5 percent of them went on to develop depression.

Childhood maltreatment, according to previous research, causes changes to the brain, immune system and some hormone glands. Some of these changes stay with those abused well into adulthood.

“Identifying those at risk of multiple and long-lasting depressive episodes is crucial from a public health perspective,” noted the researchers.

“The results indicate that childhood maltreatment is associated both with an increased risk of developing recurrent and persistent episodes of depression, and with an increased risk of responding poorly to treatment.

One possible mechanism is what is known as epigenetic changes to the DNA. While there is no change in the genetic code, the environment can alter the way genes are expressed.

“Therefore prevention and early therapeutic interventions targeting childhood maltreatment could prove vital in helping prevent the major health burden owing to depression. Knowing that individuals with a history of maltreatment won’t respond as well to treatment may also be valuable for clinicians in determining patients’ prognosis.”

The study appears in the latest issue of American Journal of Psychiatry.

Source: King’s College London Institute of Psychiatry

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Researchers in the UK say psychiatrists need to improve how they monitor common metabolic conditions.

Some metabolic conditions are common among patients with mental illness. Antipsychotic medications are also known to cause a host of medical complications.

For example, 60 percent of individuals receiving antipsychotic treatment for schizophrenia have high cholesterol, 40 percent have high blood pressure, and 30 percent exhibit metabolic syndrome.

Some experts estimate that 90 percent of patients treated with antipsychotic medication have at least one metabolic risk factor. Given this, there are strong reasons why patients under psychiatric care should be offered regular monitoring.

Researchers reviewed 48 studies (involving almost 300,000 individuals) conducted during 2000-2011 in five countries.

Findings are published in the online in the journal Psychological Medicine.

Researchers found that psychiatrists were monitoring blood pressure and triglycerides in more than half of patients who were under psychiatric care. However, cholesterol, glucose and weight checks were offered to less than half.

Monitoring was similar in US and UK studies and for both inpatients and outpatients.

According to Dr. Alex Mitchell, a consultant and a researcher at the University of Leicester, “This study highlights that psychiatrists are not always considering the metabolic complications of prescribed medication. Several guidelines highlight the need for regular medical checks but even after the release of guidelines, monitoring rates have remained low especially for those checks that need a blood test.

“Even in the most recent studies about a quarter of patients don’t receive weight or blood pressure checks. One explanation is that responsibility is often lost between psychiatry and general practice. We recommend that mental health providers schedule physical health checks as a mandatory part of routine care.”

Source: University of Leicester

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Work can be a stress-filled environment that can tax even the kindest person’s patience. Rudeness is one ill effect of a stressful workplace.

Surprisingly, however, such rudeness can apparently come home with us too, according to new research.

The new study from Dr. Merideth Ferguson, assistant professor of management and entrepreneurship at Baylor University, suggests that stress created by incivility can be so intense that, at the end of the day, it is taken home.

The stress also has been shown to affect the well-being of the worker’s family and partner, who in turn takes the stress to his or her workplace.

“Employees who experience such incivility at work bring home the stress, negative emotion and perceived ostracism that results from those experiences, which then affects more than their family life — it also creates problems for the partner’s life at work,” notes the researcher.

“This research underlines the importance of stopping incivility before it starts so that the ripple effect of incivility does not impact the employee’s family and potentially inflict further damage beyond the workplace where the incivility took place and cross over into the workplace of the partner,” she said.

In addition, since the employee comes home more stressed and distracted, the partner is likely to pick up more of the family responsibilities, and those demands may interfere with the partner’s work life.

The study also found that such stress also significantly affected the worker’s and the partner’s marital satisfaction.

The study included 190 workers and their partners. Workers in the study were employed full time, had co-workers and had an employed partner who agreed to complete an online survey. After completing the survey, workers were asked to have their partners complete a separate survey.

“Unlike the study of incivility’s effects at work, the study of its impact on the family is in its infancy. However, these findings emphasize the notion that organizations must realize the far-reaching effects of co-worker incivility and its impact on employees and their families,” Ferguson said.

“One approach to prevent this stress might be to encourage workers to seek support through their organization’s employee assistance program or other resources such as counseling or stress management so that tactics or mechanisms for buffering the effect of incivility’s stress on the family can be identified,” she said.

The study was published online in the Journal of Organizational Behavior.

Source: Baylor University

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A new research report finds that depressed women may be at a higher risk for a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke.

Researchers following women participating in the Nurses’ Health Study discovered a history of depression was associated with a 29 percent increased risk of total stroke — even after considering other stroke risk factors.

Their findings are reported in Stroke: Journal of the American Heart Association.

Researchers also discovered women who use selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) class of anti-depressant medication, such as Prozac, Zoloft, and Celexa, had a 39 percent increased risk of stroke.

Anti-depressant medication use may be an indicator of depression severity, said Kathryn Rexrode, M.D., the study’s senior author. “I don’t think the medications themselves are the primary cause of the risk. This study does not suggest that people should stop their medications to reduce the risk of stroke.”

Researchers followed 80,574 women 54 to 79 years old in the Nurses’ Health Study from 2000-06 without a prior history of stroke. They assessed depressive symptoms multiple times with a Mental Health Index. Anti-depressant use was reported every two years beginning in 1996, and physicians diagnosed depression beginning in 2000.

Depression was defined as currently reporting or having a history of depression.

Researchers discovered 22 percent of the women were depressed at the beginning of the study. Over the next six years, 1,033 stroke cases were documented.
A comparison of women with depression to those without a history of depression, portrays key differences

Depressed women were slightly younger, had a higher body mass index, were more likely to be single and smoker, and were less physically active. They also had more coexisting conditions such as high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes.

“Depression can prevent individuals from controlling other medical problems such as diabetes and hypertension, from taking medications regularly or pursuing other healthy lifestyle measures such as exercise,” said Rexrode.

“All these factors could contribute to increased risk.”

Depression may be associated with an increased risk of stroke through a variety of mechanisms. It may be linked to inflammation, which increases the risk of stroke as well as other conditions or underlying vascular disease in the brain, said An Pan, Ph.D., lead author of the study and a research scientist at the Harvard School of Public Health.

“Regardless of the mechanism, recognizing that depressed individuals may be at a higher risk of stroke may help the physician focus on not only treating the depression, but treating stroke risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes and elevated cholesterol as well as addressing lifestyle behaviors such as smoking and exercise.”

Researchers admit the study had limitations including use of a homogeneous sample as participants were predominantly white registered nurses.

“We cannot infer cause or fully exclude the possibility that the results could be explained by other unmeasured unknown factors,” Pan said.

“Although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, recognizing that depressed women may be at a higher risk of stroke merits additional research into preventive strategies in this group.”

Source: American Heart Association

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Sometimes a man feels like he has to put himself in harm’s way in order to demonstrate his honor or bravery.

Unfortunately, doing so may also put him at greater risk of accidental death, particularly among men who live in a state, like Texas, with a culture and history of honor.

People who most believe in a culture of honor told the researchers they were more than willing to engage in risky behaviors, such as bungee jumping or gambling away a week’s wages. Subjects who believe in a culture of honor agreed with the statement, “A real man doesn’t let other people push him around.” They also agreed that aggression is a reasonable response to being insulted.

This willingness to take risks might well translate into an early death, according to researchers at the University of Oklahoma. They compared the rates of accidental death — by drowning, car wrecks, overexertion and so on — and found that people in honor states had significantly higher accidental death rates than did people in non-honor states, especially among white men.

A culture of honor puts a high value on the defense of reputation — sometimes with violence. It can develop in environments with historically few natural resources, danger of rustling, and low police presence.

States with strong cultures of honor in the U.S. are in the South and West, such as South Carolina, Texas and Wyoming. People from honor states tend to respond to reputation threats with higher levels of hostility and violence compared to people from non-honor states, mostly in the Northeast and upper Midwest, such as New York, Wisconsin and Ohio.

Honor cultures are more powerful in rural areas, where the influence of personal reputation is higher than it is in cities. Although honor states had a 14% higher accidental death rate in the cities, they had a 19% higher rate of accidental death in more rural areas, compared to non-honor states. More than 7,000 deaths a year can be attributed to risk-taking associated with the culture of honor in the USA.

“Exposing yourself to potentially deadly situations is proof of strength and courage, and because this proof is such a concern for people living in cultures of honor, they suffer from a higher rate of accidental fatalities,” said the authors.

The study is published in the current Social Psychological and Personality Science.

Source: SAGE Publications

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The brain has a lot to do. Not only does it process the inputs from all five senses, but it also allows us to make sense of the information we receive from such inputs.

Researchers have long wondered whether the brain might process information found in speech in the same region as it produces speech. Now they have evidence they are both done in the same area in the brain.

A new study finds that speaking and understanding speech share the same parts of the brain, with one difference: we don’t need the brain regions that control the movements of lips, teeth, and so on to understand speech.

Most studies of how speech works in the brain focus on comprehension. That’s mostly because it’s easier to image the brains of people who are listening quietly; talking makes the head move, which is a problem when you’re measuring the brain. But now, the Donders Institute at the Radboud University Nijmegen, where the study was conducted, has developed technology that allows recording from a moving brain.

Laura Menenti, the lead researcher, was initially interested in how the brain produces grammatical sentences and wanted to track the process of producing a sentence in its entirety, looking not only at its grammatical structure but also at its meaning.

“What made this particularly exciting to us was that no one had managed to perform such a study before, meaning that we could explore an almost completely new topic,” says Menenti.

The authors used functional MRI technology to measure brain activity in people who were either listening to sentences or speaking sentences. The other problem with measuring brain activity in people who are speaking is that you have to get them to say the right kind of sentence.

The authors accomplished this with a picture of an action — a man strangling a woman, say — with one person colored green and one colored red to indicate their order in the sentence. This prompted people to say either “The man is strangling the woman” or “The woman is strangled by the man.”

From this, the researchers were able to tell where in the brain three different speech tasks (computing meaning, coming up with the words, and building a grammatical sentence) were taking place. They found that the same areas were activated for each of these tasks in people who were speaking and people who were listening to sentences. However, although some studies have suggested that while people are listening to speech, they silently articulate the words in order to understand them, the authors found no involvement of motor regions when people were listening.

According to Menenti, though the study was largely designed to answer a specific theoretical question, it also points toward some useful avenues for treatment of people with language-related problems. It suggests that while it sometimes seems that people with comprehension problems may have intact production, and vice versa, this may not necessarily be the case.

“Our data suggest that these problems would be expected to always at least partly coincide. On the other, our data confirm the idea that many different processes in the language system, such as understanding meaning or grammar, can at least partly be damaged independently of each other,” according to Menenti.

The new study appears in the August issue of Psychological Science.

Source: Association for Psychological Science

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A new study suggests that some forms of narcissism can help children navigate the difficult transition to adulthood.

University of Illinois researchers discovered narcissistic traits often trend upward in adolescence then decline in adulthood.

The study appears in the journal Social Psychological and Personality Science.

“Most people think of narcissism as a trait that doesn’t change much across the lifespan,” said researcher and psychologist Dr. Patrick Hill.

“But a lot of recent studies have shown that the developmental trajectory of narcissism goes upward in adolescence and what we call emerging adulthood — the late teens and early 20s, and then typically declines.”

This reduction in narcissistic traits coincides with a decline in their usefulness, the researchers found.

Reserchers surveyed 368 undergraduate college students and 439 of their family members to get a picture of the narcissistic traits of the students and of their mothers. (There were enough mothers but not other relatives in the study to provide a robust sample size for analysis.)

“We looked at three different forms of narcissism,” Hill said. The first, an inflated sense of leadership or authority, is the belief “that you know a lot and people should come to you for advice,” he said.

The second is “grandiose exhibitionism,” being pompous, wanting to show off, and having an exaggerated sense of one’s capabilities and talents. The third is a sense of entitlement and a willingness to exploit others for personal gain.

In the current study, young people who were high in the leadership and grandiose exhibitionism forms of narcissism were likely to report higher life satisfaction and well-being, while mothers who had the same traits were not.

However, among individuals who displayed other forms of narcissism, the outcomes are less ideal. That is, a sense of entitlement or willingness to exploit others for personal gain predicted lower life satisfaction at every age.

Consistent with other studies, participants had a lower opinion of those with narcissistic traits. Narcissistic mothers, in particular, tended to be viewed as neurotic and low in conscientiousness, the researchers found.

Students who were narcissistic were not generally judged to be neurotic, but they and their narcissistic mothers were more likely to be viewed as low in “agreeableness.”

These negative judgments, particularly of older adults, “could have quite interesting negative ramifications for people’s circumstances in middle and old age if they retain this rather grandiose sense of self,” said co-author Dr. Brent Roberts.

“This study continues a line of research that shows that there is a fundamental developmental shift in both the amounts of narcissism that people have and also in the meaning of it as people age,” Roberts said.

An exaggerated belief in one’s own capabilities and prospects may help young people “navigate adolescence and the turmoil involved in trying to find a sense of identity,” he said.

Later in life, however, those same traits “appear to be related to less life satisfaction and a poorer reputation.”

Source: University of Illinois

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